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Credit: NASA/JPL/ASU
Rampart Craters
Michael Armstrong
Rampart craters and pedestal craters on
Mars are difficult to explain with the impact model. Pedestal
craters, including their bottoms, stand above the elevation of the
surrounding terrain. Rampart craters, like the one shown in the
above THEMIS image, are surrounded by a "moat" (red arrow)
that's deeper than the original ground level and an outer "rampart"
(blue arrow) that's higher than both the moat and the surrounding
terrain. The outer rampart seems to have "flowed" away from the
crater, rather than to have been ejected.
From an Electric Universe point of view, these craters are
enormous fulgamites, raised blisters like those found on the metal
caps of lightning arrestors after a lightning strike. Because the
whole blister is lifted above the surface by the lightning arc, the
crater at the top is not necessarily deeper than the elevation of
the original surface around it. The material forming the raised
fulgamite is scavenged from the surroundings, leaving a "moat" below
the surface level.
The radial flow features have been produced in the laboratory
when an arc strikes a moist clay surface. The arc appears to draw
water to the surface and then to drive it away from the crater,
generating a distinctive flow pattern. Thus, the rampart craters,
combined with laboratory experiments, add to the evidence that Mars
had water in the past.
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